EVs will massively incorporate intelligent functions including autonomous driving in the future, and therefore information security associated with data transmission among diverse smart software and hardware systems will become a new challenge facing the entire EV supply chain. To meet the challenge, there is a need to establish an information security framework to offer seamless protection for EVs, and the framework should span the entire life cycle of vehicles ranging from design, development and production to driving and final disposal, and should also be able to maintain privacy and provide decentralized services, according to Lu Bo-kuan, head of the Security & OTA (over-the-air) working group at Foxconn-initiated MIH Consortium.