The second half of the year is typically a peak season for substrates. Despite market volatility, strong demand for AI continues to drive the global integrated circuit (IC) substrate market. The Taiwan Printed Circuit Association (TPCA) anticipates that the global substrate market will reach US$15.32 billion in 2024, representing a yearly increase of 14.8%. A slight recovery is expected in 2025; however, due to the still low penetration rate of AI products, the supply-demand gap for substrates remains significant.