China’s new energy vehicle (NEV) supply chain has risen rapidly, with an operating model that differs sharply from the century-old mainstream automakers in Europe, the US, Japan, and South Korea. A quality issue triggered by GAC Aion’s use of CALB’s LFP batteries has revived discussions of its past disputes with CATL. Across the industry, the long-running tug of war between Chinese automakers and dominant battery suppliers has continued to deepen the low-margin, even loss-making, dilemma facing carmakers.