After the United States formally imposed a 15 percent import tariff on European automobiles, Germany’s three largest carmakers—Volkswagen, BMW, and Mercedes-Benz—have found themselves forced to navigate a difficult trade-off between brand identity and geopolitical reality. Facing the same policy shock, the three companies have responded in markedly different ways, offering a revealing case study for global automakers and supply chains grappling with a more protectionist era.

A single regulatory notice issued recently by China’s Ministry of Industry and Information Technology has made the country the first in the world to formally declare the end of what might be called the automotive industry’s “era of invisibility.” Under the new rules, beginning Jan. 1, 2027, all new vehicles sold in China will be prohibited from using fully electric hidden door handles. The regulation effectively applies the brakes to an industry-wide push toward ever more electronic, futuristic design, forcing automakers to return to a basic principle of physical safety.